At picomolar to nanomolar concentrations, GHK-Cu stimulated the synthesis of collagen in skin fibroblasts, increased accumulation of total proteins, glycosaminoglycans (in a biphasic curve) and DNA in the dermal wounds in rats
Among the up to 500 genes that SF can upregulate through the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway are the antioxidant and detoxification enzymes NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1 or HMOX), profiled in the following section, as well as catalase (Cat), superoxide dismutase(s) (SOD), peroxiredoxins (Prx), heat shock proteins (HSP), glutathione S -transferases (GST), thioredoxin reductase (Trx), glutathione synthetase (GS), glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and glutathione reductase in the brain [38,48]
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These measures are small but meaningful: they keep recovery simple and predictable
These effects result from enhanced expression and membrane trafficking of GLUT1, mediated via TXNIP downregulation due to mitochondrial complex I inhibition
