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Unlike orally delivered chelators, which must survive harsh GI conditions and extensive hepatic first-pass effect before reaching systemic circulation, IN drugs only need to cross the nasal epithelium or can directly access the brain through neuronal pathways

Stanley CA, Lieu YK, Hsu BY, et al

RN 5 percent

It activates immune cells like T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells, supports enzyme activity, boosts antioxidant defense, and aids collagen production for wound and skin repair

When these junctions become damaged or weakened, the intestine becomes more permeable, leading to the condition known as leaky gut

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of GO and GD (the balance between oxidants and antioxidants is disturbed in favor of ROS), and an antioxidant approach is proposed for treatment (85, 86)