A deficiency of vitamin B12 can also cause shortness of breath or heart palpitations, as well as gastrointestinal symptoms including constipation, diarrhea, appetite loss, or gas
Injections are more effective for those with absorption issues or severe deficiency, but oral supplements work well for most people with mild deficiency and normal absorption
B-12 injections bypass the digestive tract and deliver the vitamin directly into the bloodstream, ensuring quicker and more effective absorption
While there is ample evidence that B12, as an essential vitamin, has numerous health benefits, there is no evidence that B12 shots have greater benefit than a B12 supplement in pill form
doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2005.07.004
Glucagon treatment causes an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity, resulting in an increase in intracellular adipocyte cAMP levels (95, 96)