The diagnostic process typically involves: Clinical history taking, focusing on symptoms (fatigue, neurological changes, dietary habits) Physical examination for signs of anaemia or neurological impairment Blood tests including full blood count, serum B12, and often folate levels Additional investigations such as intrinsic factor antibodies or parietal cell antibodies if pernicious anaemia is suspected For borderline results, additional tests like holotranscobalamin (active B12) may be considered NICE guidance recommends that treatment should commence based on clinical presentation if neurological symptoms are present, without waiting for laboratory confirmation, as delays can result in irreversible nerve damage
Membrane structure and composition are responsible for the biconcave disc shape and for the high deformability of the cell
doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(02)00906-1
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Outcomes of Lobectomy Versus Sublobar Resection for Clinical Stage IA3 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Fan B, Ding S, Peng Y et al (2022) Supplying amendments alleviates aluminum toxicity and regulates cadmium accumulation by spinach in strongly acidic soils
