Estradiol and its metabolites, the catechol estrogens, appear to inhibit tyrosinase activity, which is an enzyme needed for the synthesis of norepinephrine
Early human trials in people with obesity found that daily AOD9604 was well tolerated and had a safety profile similar to placebo, with no major effects on glucose metabolism or IGF1, though weightloss results were modest and inconsistent
Given the poor bioavailability of oral NAD+ and its precursor vitamins through supplements (and why most wellness supplements have limited benefit), IV or subcutaneous routes are necessary to achieve the serum concentrations observed in the published research
Intramuscular (IM) vitamin injections bypass the gastrointestinal system entirely, achieving 70 to 80% greater bioavailability than oral supplementation
Likewise, further VEGF-A findings should be regarded as specific support for well-controlled particular healing effects
There are no large human trials to support the safety or effectiveness