Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), a member of the PLA2 family, is a cytoplasmic protein with catalytic activity in the absence of calcium, and previous studies have shown that it is associated with metabolic disorders and inflammation [40]
Abbreviations A: Amyloid-beta AD: Alzheimers disease AF: Atrial fibrillation AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ATP: Adenosine triphosphate BBB: Bloodbrain barrier CAD: Coronary artery disease CAA: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy CVDs: Cardiovascular diseases DMF: Dimethyl fumarate ETC: Electron transport chain HF: Heart failure IMM: Inner mitochondrial membrane IMS: Intermembrane space IR: Insulin resistance I/R: Ischemiareperfusion LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MitoQ: Mitochondria-targeted coenzyme Q10 mPTP: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NO: Nitric oxide Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 OMM: Outer mitochondrial membrane OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PGC-1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha ROS: Reactive oxygen species SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 SOD2: Superoxide dismutase 2 TGF-: Transforming growth factor-beta T2D: Type 2 diabetes ULK1: Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 VaD: Vascular dementia VCI: Vascular cognitive impairment VSMCs: Vascular smooth muscle cells eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase References Zhu XY, Shi MQ, Jiang ZM, et al
doi: 10.1111/J.1365-2222.2011.03830.X 275 MalekiSJChungSYChampagneETRaufmanJP
Partial hydrolysis will produce a mixture of shorter peptides and some amino acids
Elevation Elevating your legs is another effective way to minimize swelling
Glutathione has a strong safety profile in both oral and IV forms
