3.2 Interaction between microbiota and neurotransmitters 3.2.1 Synthesis and regulation of serotonin Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an essential neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in regulating emotions, cognition, sleep, and other physiological processes ( Escherichia coli , Lactobacillus , and Bifidobacterium , can participate in the metabolism of tryptophan, the precursor to serotonin synthesis ( Limosilactobacillus reuteri (basonym Lactobacillus reuteri ) is capable of converting tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan via specific metabolic pathways, thereby facilitating serotonin synthesis ( Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (basonym Lactobacillus plantarum ) can stimulate serotonin secretion by host enterochromaffin cells ( Bifidobacterium breve , Bifidobacterium longum , and Pediococcus acidilactici are able to enhance the production of 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-HT in the intestine, thus promoting systemic 5-HT circulation (Tian et al., 2023)

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