Microbial metabolites like SCFA and Trp derivatives can activate AhR and its target genes, including IL-6, IL-22, prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and cytochrome P450 1 A1 (CYP1 A1) in the intestine or liver
Pflugfelder, S., Gram, E
Reported Side Effects: Injection site reactions (most common) Headache Mild water retention Transient dizziness Fatigue (temporary) Joint stiffness (with GH elevation) Rare/Serious (requiring immediate attention): Significant swelling of hands, feet, or face Chest pain or shortness of breath Vision changes Allergic reactions FDA Concerns: Immunogenicity risk Limited clinical safety data Classified as Category 2 bulk drug substance presenting significant safety risks Regulatory Status United States: Not FDA approved for any indication
Many of these studies, however, are correlative
10.1093/brain/awh503 182 KisbyG
Certain individuals are more likely to develop B12 deficiency, including those with: Pernicious anemia Gastrointestinal conditions (such as Crohns disease or celiac disease) A history of gastrointestinal surgery Difficulty absorbing nutrients due to age or other medical conditions For these patients, vitamin B12 injections are an effective option because they deliver the nutrient directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system and ensuring optimal absorption
