In this study, phosphotoxic protein inhibited melanin synthesis by downregulating the expression of MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase in B16F10 cells and reducing cAMP levels (Jung et al., 2012)
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However, despite this localized overproduction, the total systemic burden of free radicals remains too high, leading to inevitable cellular exhaustion and highlighting the desperate need for targeted antioxidant support
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Previous reports have also indicated that the antioxidant activity of betanin is associated with the rich unsaturated bonds on the benzene ring (Butera et al., 2002)
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