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At this time, the evidence that excess B12 may be harmful is limited and largely circumstantial
Abbreviations AD Alzheimers disease AIF apoptosis-inducing factor ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMPA -amino -3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid APE/Ref-1 apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox factor-1 ASD autism spectrum disorder cKO conditional knock-out BBB blood brain barrier BMSC bone marrow derived stem cell CREB cAMP response element-binding protein EAAT-2 excitatory amino acids transporter 2 EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ERK extracellular signal regulated kinase Ets E-twenty -six GSK-3 glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta HGF hepatocyte growth factor HO-1 heme oxygenase-1 hUC-MSC human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell LTD long-term depression JNK c-JunN-terminal protein kinase LTP long-term potentiation MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MAP2 microtubule-associated 2 protein MS multiple sclerosis MSC mesenchymal stem cell mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin NDD neurodevelopmental disorders NF- B nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NGF nerve growth factor NMDA N-methyl -D-aspartate NSC neural stem cell NSHI non-syndromic hearing loss OL oligodendrocyte PD Parkinsons disease PI-3K phosphoinositide-3-kinase PLC phospholipase c gamma pMET phospho-MET Rac1 C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 Ras rat sarcoma SC Schwann cell SCG superior cervical ganglion SCI spinal cord injury SNP single-nucleotide polymorphism SPH serine proteinase homology SPK sphingosine kinase STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 SVZ sub-ventricular zone TGF transforming growth factor Th cell T helper cell tMCAO transient middle cerebral artery occlusion Treg cell regulatory T cell uPAR urokinase plasminogen activator receptor VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
Related links FURTHER INFORMATION Glossary Synaptic plasticity Activity- or experience-dependent changes in synaptic structure and function that are relatively long-lasting (that is, persisting beyond the initial electrochemical event)
Additionally, a positive correlation between HCV viral load and oxidative stress has been reported 99
Moreover, CBF reduction directly damages the cerebrovascular system, as evidenced by the widespread degeneration, detachment, and loss of pericytes, phenomena that are consistently observed in regions experiencing reduced CBF in various neurodegenerative diseases [94]
